ContentsForewordSection 1Primary Testimony Presented on Behalf of the Mille Lacs Band in Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians (97-1337)Preliminary Report of the Ethnohistorical Basis of the Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Rights of the Mille Lacs ChippewaClelandCharles E.An Overview of Chippewa Use of Natural Resources in Historical PerspectiveThe Western Chippewa in the Early Nineteenth CenturyThe 1837 Treaty of St. PetersThe 1842 Treaty of La PointeChippewa-American Relations 1825–1850: A Clash of CulturesThe Treaty of Fond du Lac—1847Attempts to Remove the ChippewaThe Mille Lacs Chippewa in the 1850sThe Reservation Policy and the Treaty of La Pointe—1854The Treaty of WashingtonThe Treaties of 1863 and 1864Off-Reservation Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering in the Post-Treaty EraStatement of General ConclusionsThe Regional Context of the Removal Order of 1850WhiteBruce M.White Population Growth in the Minnesota RegionPolitical Leadership in Minnesota TerritoryPressure for RemovalImplementing the Removal OrderTragedy at Sandy LakeRemoval Efforts in 1851Suspension of the RemovalThe Watrous InvestigationThe Pleasure of the PresidentRemnants of the RemovalBeyond the Removal PolicyMille Lacs Treaty Rights at the End of the Removal PeriodSummary and ConclusionsWhy Call It the Removal Order of 1850?Were the Mille Lacs Ojibwe Subject to the Removal Order of 1850?How Many Ojibwe Were Actually Removed?The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters Preserving the Rights of the Mille Lacs Ojibwa to Hunt, Fish, and Gather: The Effect of Treaties and Agreements since 1855McClurkenJamesMille Lacs and the Treaty of 1855Treaties of 1863 and 1864Implementation of the 1863 and 1864 TreatiesThe Nelson Allotment Act, 1889Congressional Acts and the Mille Lacs ReservationSection 3Supporting TestimonyThe Mille Lacs Band and the Treaty of 1855TannerHelenThe 1837 and 1855 Chippewa Treaties in the Context of Early American Wildlife LawLundThomasThe Translation of Key Phrases in the Treaties of 1837 and 1855NicholasJonh D.AppendixMinnesota, et al., Petitioners v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians et al.; No. 97—1337 Opinion of the Supreme CourtO'ConnorSandra DayIndex
